Indexing is one of the most important SQL performance optimization techniques. When used correctly, it drastically improves read/query speed—especially for large tables. ✅ What is an Index in SQL? An index is a data structure (usually B-Tree) that allows fast access to rows based on key column values, like a book’s index. Think of it…

Normalization and denormalization are two opposing database design techniques aimed at achieving different goals. Let’s explore each concept: Normalization: Normalization is the process of organizing the data in a database to minimize redundancy and dependency. The main objective of normalization is to ensure data integrity and reduce anomalies during data manipulation. Normalization typically involves dividing…